Karachaganak Petroleum Operating Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Karachaganak Petroleum Operating - Case Study Example The agreement was signed for a period of 40 years. The key business area with respect to KPO B.V., Kazakhstan is it Information Technology equipment. The company is strong in its IT equipment which it uses to run its daily operations. The unit holds around 1.2 billion tones of oil and condensate and also 1.35 trillion cubic meters of gas. The major advantage with the plant is that there is a good amount of income being generated to both the national and local economies. Additionally, the plant is also providing long-term employment to almost 80% people of Kazakhstan. The field covers an area of almost 280 square kilometers. The Mission Statement of the Procurement Department at KPO B.V. is - to provide cost effective and efficient service to all Company User groups for the procurement of goods and services. In providing this service the Department maximizes the practical use of commercial competitions to achieve the best overall economic solution consistent with the User Departments requirements. The structure of the Procurement Department at KPO B.V. is as follows: -Vendor Development and Qualification (VNDQ) - The main objective for the existence of this department is to handle all sorts of issues related to the qualification of vendors and contractors whom it feels are potential for the Approved Vendors List and at the same time contribute in developing the local supply sources. -Procurement - The major responsibility of the Procurement department is to manage the activities of procurement that are associated with the field operations. The department is also needed to supervise the wide range of procurement right from goods to the corporate services. -Contracts - Contracts planning, audit, supervision and all sorts of coordination and administration activities of the major contracts are taken care by this department. -Planning & Reports - This department takes care of all the planning activities like the budget planning, cost control, the formulation of the Standard Term & Conditions of Contract, business methods and systems and the formulation of Departmental procedures. The main focus of the Vendor Development with respect to the operations of KPO B.V. is to make the local companies involve in the provision of the required goods and services of the company. The requirement may be related to all the departments like Production and Maintenance, Engineering and Projects, Infrastructure and Services, Well Operations in which the company wishes to develop local supplier capability for a long-term relationship. Supply Chain Management - An Overview The supply chain can be described as the network, covering the various stages in the provision of products or services to customers. It includes not only manufacturers and suppliers, but also transporters, warehouses, distributors, retailers, etc.

The importance of camaraderie in Apologia Pro Poemate Meo Essay Example for Free

The importance of camaraderie in Apologia Pro Poemate Meo Essay Making close reference to language, imagery and verse from, consider ways in which Owen portrays his views of the importance of camaraderie in Apologia Pro Poemate Meo Apologia pro poemate meo means the reasons for my poetry and is about the friendships made throughout the war. As a response to Robert graves letter telling Owen for gods sake cheer up and write more optimistically, and the more positive style is shown throughout the rhyme, metre and rhythm as it is all regular. However the poem reads as a contradiction as it is merry yet still about the war. This upbeat tone throughout could also be portrayed as sarcastic. I will be referring to insensibility as it is a contrast to this poem and gives a different view on how men cope in war. I will also refer to strange meeting as it gives a twist to importance of camaraderie, as the man he killed whom he meets in hell, shows they are more likely friends rather than enemies. The importance of camaraderie is highlighted throughout apologia pro poemate meo, Merry it was to laugh there shows that even though war is such a horrific place, the friendships between the men overcame this and made it enjoyable and merry. The use of paradox is to show the juxtaposition of war and friendships: Found peace where shell-storms spouted reddest spate. . Here, Owens uses of sibilance, shows the soldier has found peace in the battlefield, which is absurd as shells are falling all around them, but again, it shows that the friendships made are so powerful, they make war seem less horrific as it is. Religious imagery is used as well to highlight the importance of camaraderie: I, too, saw God through mud-. Here, to see god could also refer to seeing hope, as soldiers prayed to god for help and safety on the battlefield, so this soldier has seen hope in the war as his friendships made, make it worth baring. However, Owen could be using sarcasm here, as Graves told him to cheer up and write something worthwhile, but war is a horrific and dreary matter. To write of war as something cheery would wrong in all sense. This links to a further point, as towards the end of the poem, Owen again, shows his true feelings towards Jessie Pope (the pro-war propaganda poet). You shall not come to think them well content /by any jest of mine. Here, Owen has a dig towards Jessie Pope, as she writes as if war was a game, yet has never experienced it, so she cant judge their wellbeing. This links to yet a further point; Owen links to the Romantics here, as he was inspired by them: I have perceived much beauty /in the hoarse oaths that kept our courage straight, however, like Pope, they did not experience war and wrote about it as beauty and that it was honourable to fight for your country, so again he dislikes them for this. Owens use of sibilance is another method of portraying how important camaraderie was in war. For love is not the binding of fair lips /with the soft silk of eyes that look and long, here Owen tries to tell us that the fellowships he made were much stronger than friends, it was brotherly love. Owen believed that the friendships made in war had the strongest bond ever achieved, as the men fought cried and died amongst each other. When referring to other poems, Insensibility portrays a different way on how men coped with war, instead of the fellowships, they block off emotion. The use of metaphor here portrays this well: Happy are men who yet before that are killed/can let their veins run cold, this shows that the men who can block off all emotion before their death are happy ones, yet ones who dont will not be. Insensibility goes further to say cursed are the dullards whom no cannon stuns, is it worth the price, if youre blocking off emotion. Strange meeting also portrays the importance of camaraderie in war, as it is about an officer who killed an enemy soldier, and when he is dead and goes to hell they are reunited and realise they have more in common as friends, then they did as enemies. I am the enemy you killed my friend shows that even though they were enemies, after walking through hell, he recaps and wonders whether they are friends. When he reaches hell, the soldier who he killed recognizes him and lifting distressful hands, as if to bless. This religious imagery shows that the soldier forgives him and they are better to be friends than enemies. In conclusion, Owen portrays his views of the importance of camaraderie in Apologia Pro Poemate Meo very effectively. Throughout the selection, no other poem goes into such greater detail about the fellowships made in war. The use of imagery, metaphor and the linkage to other poets shows how he truly felt about the friendships made in war and how important they were to the survival and sanity of the men. Insensibility shows us a different view on how important camaraderie was, as it takes the view that being able to block out emotion is the vital thing that will get you through war. Finally, Strange Meeting adds further to the point that camaraderie is important as even though as enemies in war, in death they become friends, to comfort each other for the rest of eternity. Eventhough portrayed effectively, it is not portrayed throughout, and so Apologia Pro Poemate Meo is the most effective from the selection.

Green Willow(Japanese Literature) :: essays research papers

Without honor, life is meaningless. According to the folktale, Green Willow, honor is essential to an individual of Japanese decent. This tale explains what the people of this country value and how they function. As the story unfolds, so do the components that form what Japan is. The background contains the codes and classes in which they live. The plot draws our attention, however it is the elements of the culture that is taken into account. In addition, it presents a conflict that is dealt with by society everyday. That is, being distracted from our tasks. In the act of facing that conflict, good judgment should be used. The decision of the main character reveals what arises when you do not. Honor was used as evidence or a symbol of distinction in this culture. The people remained the right to preserve their good name. This code that they emphasize in their country is denominated as the bushido. An example of applying this system to their lives is in the manner of how they conform to their classes. Each person received and exalted title or rank. A samurai warrior, for instance, could not surpass the law by marrying "a [mere] peasant girl" without the permission of his daimyo. In contrast, the samurai would ask the parents for her hand in marriage and they would respond with gratitude. The warrior is "a person of too a degree for [them] to consider refusing the honor of [his] request." The hospitality of the Japanese people is also accredited in the folktale. It is not often that a person would be taken in and accommodated. Despite that common belief, the parents of Green Willow shelter and aid the samurai on his journey. This act of kindness shows that this is a nation with pure and humble intentions. It is evident in the old couples' appreciation for Tomotada's "condescending to overlook their daughter's peasant origins" and offered her as "a gift, a humble handmaid" to him. Furthermore, this tale manifested a true dilemma that our society goes up against daily. Responsibilities are supposed to come before one's own personal gain. If a person becomes enraptured in their own self-seeking task and overlook their duties, that person will eventually suffer for it. Japan regards honor as something you have to strive for. It must be earned. The main character broke the rules of his the country had already established and paid for it in innumerable ways.

Philippine Labor Force Essay

Just from taking a look of the stark reality of Philippine Society today, any one would say that it would be a no – brainer to answer the question of possible change. Change, in the Philippines? They say. Impossible. Yet in spite of the dim reality we are in do I gain the audacity to say that the Philippines is not a hopeless case, I believe it is not, for the simple the reason that if I believe that nothing can be done to change our country, then that is how it will be. if I believe that there is still hope, that something can be done, then I can be a precursor of change, and hence, something can be done. Anyway, we have nothing else to lose, and everything to gain, and as such we should put ourselves in that perspective. I think the reason the Philippines is the way it is today is because somehow, someway, we, us Filipinos, somehow caused all of this to happen to us. Of course no individual would dare intentionally wish upon themselves poverty, what I mean is, as a collective, as a people, as an entire race that had spanned generations and generations of culture, we have somehow allowed our society – which could have flourished into a rich nation – to deteriorate, very, very nearly to the point of no return. We have allowed ourselves to blindly steer into the direction of poverty when we were heading into the direction cities such as Shanghai, Singapore, and Hong Kong are in now. Many actually do believe we are at that point of no return already. But if everyone thought that we cannot change, then how then will change be possible? If we collectively keep denying that we are responsible for this Philippine mess we have collectively gotten ourselves into, then change becomes impossible. If we accept entirely that we are – at some level – all at cause of how things are now honestly, graciously; until we accept responsibility for the whole of our reality shall we gain the power to change part of it. So therefor, I shall accept that I am also responsible for all this mess. As a youth with certain ideologies, this is one thing I can do, accept that I have contributed to what is. I am responsible for the deterioration of my country, of its rich culture, of it’s society. I have allowed crime, poverty, corruption to flourish. So therefor shall I become an igniter of change. I shall bring people to the awareness that change is still possible. If ALL of us would accept everything as a part of their creation shall we be able to change everything. As Jose Rizal had wisely said,† Ang kabataan ay ang pag-asa ng kinabukasan,† never has that quote made perfect sense until now. Imagine if everyone thought like that. Progress would come about to our country fairly quickly, wouldn’t you think? My duty as a student may not be as grandiose as those who go out of their way to change lives, build villages, and adopt babies from those in need. My duty is simple, yet absolutely vital. My duty is bring everything I have said above to as much people as I possibly can. Awareness is start of wisdom, as the saying goes, and in juxtaposition, collective awareness is an absolutely powerful igniter of change. If we all want it enough, it happens. I wise person once told me, that the people are the true movers of change, never the government officials. Government officials follow the people. This has been perfectly demonstrated across history; from Greek governance through public opinion, to the breaking down of the Berlin Wall, to the Chinese revolutions which shifted 1920’s Communist China which started through student visions of a better China, to our very own EDSA revolutions, our own 1986 revolution. Change comes in numbers. True change is a collective effort, People Power at its most powerful. As such I cannot stress any further the importance to instill the ideas in others a sense of hope and optimism for the future. From awareness, comes action. Ideas beget action, and so does my actions as a student after imparting the ideas of hope to others. I would probably, as a student – architect, physically help In projects that aim to provide housing for underprivileged folk in scales similar to Gawad Kalinga, and maybe soon, hopefully, provide them that with my own resources. I would probably also, bring about new innovative and convenient design solutions for the impoverished, such as the recent mind-blowingly innovative creation of the coca-cola light bottle, wherin a steady stream of light is made available in low cost housing from just installing a 1. L bottle into rooftops. Some other creation that would greatly benefit the mass population is something I would like to create. Probably also, I would like to teach others who want to get into the construction industry tricks and tips and gaining skillsets required for masonry and carpentry. I want to help people learn how to catch fish with a fishing rod, instead of giving them the fish. I think they would greatly benefit from that. This has made me see the possibility of what we can do to improve Philippine Society. Call me crazy but might it be possible that we were given this framework of poverty that we may find the power within ourselves to change it? Could you entertain the possibility that we were born into this country, this context of poverty, that we might change it ourselves? Singapore has done it. The US has done it. China is doing it. Why can’t we? We have nothing else to lose, and everything to gain, and as such we should put ourselves in that perspective, and watch reality change before our eyes.

My Vision Of The Future

My vision of the future in education is one where the learning commons, inhabited by forward-thinking, ever-learning teacher-librarians, is the centre of the universe in a school: the go-to for students, teachers, and parents as they navigate an increasingly tech-heavy world where â€Å"21st century† and â€Å"personalized† learning increasingly replace outmoded forms of schooling. I personally do not have a particular attachment to â€Å"traditional† education for a variety of reasons.One reason is that our education system is not really all that traditional. Why? Because in the whole scheme of things, the modern education system has been a short-term experiment (a mere blip of human time at around 150 years or less) based on the latter days of a historical era known as the Industrial Age. For eons before this, humans tended to rely on watching, doing, apprenticeships, and interactions with a variety of members of the community.With modern digital tools, we can go back to learning in these ways, but vastly improving upon them by expanding the definition of community to include people, places, and information far beyond our physical reach, and to allow for greater individualization, creativity, and collaboration than ever before possible. Others, however, might feel rather attached to education as it currently is.If this is because the thought of doing otherwise is overwhelming, this resource is for you: it is a basic primer on how teacher-librarians and learning commons can assist teachers in modernizing the classroom. Please either hover over the â€Å"My Vision of the Future† tab and select to read and view sections of this presentation, or simply follow the link at the bottom of each page, such as this one: As technology advances, its educational applications have evolved as well.

Free Essays on Communist Manifesto

Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto â€Å"Capitalism is bad!† If Capitalism is so bad, why is it still used in today’s modern world? Although the book The Communist Manifesto has openly addressed many issues of ‘minimum wage’ and ‘exploitation’ the gap between the â€Å"bourgeoisie† and the â€Å"proletariat† has continued to widen. So how has a book, such as this, really impacted our lives? If anything, it hasn’t! Marx first proposed these ideas nearly two centuries ago, and since that time, society, moreover the world, has managed to drift further and further away from his radical ideas. In many of Marx’s works, namely The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, he expressed the belief that all civilizations throughout history had inevitably experienced class conflict between workers and the owners of productive property. He further argued that it was this division of classes, which created a conflict that drove civilization through multiple stages of history. Marx called the middle-class owners the bourgeoisie and the workers who did the actual labor the proletariat. Capitalism is a system in which a wealthy landowner (or owner of a factory) would utilize workers who had to sell their labor for a fraction of what the labor was worth. Marx foresaw the downfall of Capitalism in industrialized countries and saw the rise of Communism in its place. He strongly believed that capitalism would end with a workers’ revolution against the owners of factories and other properties used to produce goods and services. In the revolution, the workers would gain control of economic resources and the government. (Schneck) In the Communist Manifesto he proposed that in every historical epoch the prevailing economic system by which the necessities of life are produced determines the form of societal organization and the political and intellectual history of the epoch; and that the history of society is a history of struggles bet... Free Essays on Communist Manifesto Free Essays on Communist Manifesto Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto â€Å"Capitalism is bad!† If Capitalism is so bad, why is it still used in today’s modern world? Although the book The Communist Manifesto has openly addressed many issues of ‘minimum wage’ and ‘exploitation’ the gap between the â€Å"bourgeoisie† and the â€Å"proletariat† has continued to widen. So how has a book, such as this, really impacted our lives? If anything, it hasn’t! Marx first proposed these ideas nearly two centuries ago, and since that time, society, moreover the world, has managed to drift further and further away from his radical ideas. In many of Marx’s works, namely The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, he expressed the belief that all civilizations throughout history had inevitably experienced class conflict between workers and the owners of productive property. He further argued that it was this division of classes, which created a conflict that drove civilization through multiple stages of history. Marx called the middle-class owners the bourgeoisie and the workers who did the actual labor the proletariat. Capitalism is a system in which a wealthy landowner (or owner of a factory) would utilize workers who had to sell their labor for a fraction of what the labor was worth. Marx foresaw the downfall of Capitalism in industrialized countries and saw the rise of Communism in its place. He strongly believed that capitalism would end with a workers’ revolution against the owners of factories and other properties used to produce goods and services. In the revolution, the workers would gain control of economic resources and the government. (Schneck) In the Communist Manifesto he proposed that in every historical epoch the prevailing economic system by which the necessities of life are produced determines the form of societal organization and the political and intellectual history of the epoch; and that the history of society is a history of struggles bet... Free Essays on Communist Manifesto The Manifesto of the Communist Party was drafted as its party program by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in Brussels at the order of the second congress of the League of Communists (December 2-8, 1847) and was first published by the order of the central authority of the league in the German language in an anonymous booklet of twenty three printed pages in London at the end of February 1848, just prior to the outbreak of the French February revolution. The Manifesto marked the end of a year-long discussion within the League of the Just about the objectives and methods of proletarian emancipation and implied the conclusion of its transformation into the League of Communists. In Marxist literature this publication, which marked a milestone in the theoretical evolution of Marx and Engels and reflected the crucial principles of their world view in a relatively self-contained and complete form, is held to be the birth certificate of scientific socialism, which was fundamentally distinct fro m utopian socialism. Brought into its final version by Marx, it undoubtedly was the most brilliant and widely read writing of Marx and Engels; thanks to its down-to-earth analysis of society with its concise and cogent portrayal of a humanizing-liberating perspective for workers and the urgent demands for a revolutionary transformation of society. It was the most effective and most widely read publication of the modern working-class movement. The Manifesto was subdivided into four sections. Starting from the thesis that past history was a history of class struggles which have always ended either "in a revolutionary re-constitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes," the authors in the comprehensive first section outlined the historical genesis of modern capitalist society on the basis of economic processes; they assigned the "most revolutionary part" to the bourgeoisie in its efforts to transform productive forces and soc... Free Essays on Communist Manifesto Communist Manifesto Proletarians-the working class intended to â€Å"haunt† Europe and seize control of it. For these people as well as all the other European socialist and communist parties in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, eventually became one of the principal programmatic statements. The book was preaching for the fall of the ruling classes and the emergence of the workers. This being the main topic of the â€Å"Manifesto† inspired people to believe that the bourgeois exploited them as well as everything else only to benefit themselves. In four chapters and an introduction, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, develop the fall of bourgeoisie, the idea of communism and most importantly the rise of proletariat. The â€Å"Manifesto† opens with a phrase: â€Å"A spectre is haunting Europe-the spectre of communism.† The intention of it is the same as of the entire chapter, the acknowledgement of the spread of communism and its strength (â€Å"Communist Manifesto†). The role of the â€Å"Manifesto† is shown as promoting the communist beliefs. In the very next chapter â€Å"Bourgeoisie and Proletarians† some of these most radical beliefs are expressed. According to Marx and Engels, the struggle of classes is inevitable. Yet, by the working class taking over, there would be no more classes and humans would be equal. The main reason behind the bourgeois being the antagonist is that they are oppressors, the inheritors of the feudal system where they exploit their surrounding. Marx and Engels condemn free trade as a mean of exploitation, which demands the poorer people and nations to depend on the richer ones. â€Å"Universal interdependence of nations† is not seen as a beneficial factor, but just another symbol of the rich, taking all the wealth from the poor. One of the main points of the manifesto is that workers are just seen as machines, which bring power to the bou... Free Essays on Communist Manifesto NOTES†¦..COMMUNIST MANIFESTO Main Idea: The book was preaching for the fall of the ruling classes and the emergence of the workers. The â€Å"Manifesto† inspired people to believe that the bourgeois exploited them as well as everything else only to benefit themselves According to Marx and Engels, the struggle of classes is inevitable. Yet, by the working class taking over, there would be no more classes and humans would be equal. The main reason behind the bourgeois being the antagonist is that they are oppressors, the inheritors of the feudal system where they exploit their surrounding. Marx and Engels condemn free trade as a mean of exploitation, which demands the poorer people and nations to depend on the richer ones. â€Å"Universal interdependence of nations† is not seen as a beneficial factor, but just another symbol of the rich, taking all the wealth from the poor. One of the main points of the manifesto is that workers are just seen as machines, which bring power to the bourgeois, the industry. Thus, they should all unite, taking power into their own hands, â€Å"its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable Even though it is already introduced in the very beginning of the manifesto, communism and its purpose are shown later in the second chapter: the formation of the proletariat into a class, the overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, and the conquest of political power by the proletariat . The core of the communists is defined by a single sentence, â€Å"the abolition of private property†. The property, which has been a symbol of the power and the wealth of the bourgeois, had to be distributed to the workers supporting the previous chapter in its intent to overthrow the bourgeois. The workers deserved their land, it was hard won, self-acquired, self-earned. The loss of class in mentioned again, showing how it would destroy the hostility between the nations. The c...

Past, Present, and Future Are Simple Tenses

Past, Present, and Future Are Simple Tenses Simple tenses in English are used to make basic statements about habits, events that happened, or what will happen in the future.   Present Simple The present simple is used to express daily routines and habits. Adverbs of frequency such as usually, sometimes, rarely, and so on are often used with the present simple. This tense is often used with the following time expressions including adverbs of frequency: Always, usually, sometimes, etc.Every dayOn Sundays, Tuesdays, etc. Positive Subject present tense object(s) time expression Frank usually takes a bus to work.I cook dinner on Fridays and Saturdays.They play golf on weekends. Negative Subject do/does not (dont/doesnt) verb object(s) time expression They dont often go to Chicago.He doesnt drive to work.You dont usually get up so early. Question (Question Word) do/does subject verb object(s) time expression How often do you play golf?When does she leave for work?Do they understand English? The present simple is also used about facts that are always true. The sun rises in the east.Dinner costs $20.Speaking languages improves your chances to get a job. The present simple can also be used to speak about scheduled events, even if those events are in the future: The train leaves at 6 oclock.It doesnt begin until 8 p.m.The plane lands at 4:30. The present simple is also used in future time clauses to say when something will take place: We will have lunch when they arrive next week.What will you do after he makes his decision?They wont know the answer before she comes next Tuesday. Past Simple The past simple is used to express something that happened at a past point in time. Remember to always use a past time expression, or a clear contextual clue when using the past simple. If you do not indicate when something happened, use the present perfect for unspecified past. This tense is often used with the following time expressions: AgoIn year/monthYesterdayLast week/month/yearWe Positive Subject past tense object(s) time expression I went to the doctors yesterday.She bought a new car last week.They played tennis when they were in high school. Negative Subject did not (didnt) verb object(s) time expression They didnt join us for dinner last week.He didnt attend the meeting.I didnt finish the report two weeks ago. Question (Question Word) did subject verb object(s) time expression When did you buy that pullover?How often did you drive to Los Angeles?Did they study for the test yesterday? Future Simple The future with will is used to make future predictions and promises. Often the precise moment the action will occur is unknown or not defined. The future simple is also used to react to situations that happen at the moment. This tense is often used with the following time expressions: SoonNext month/year/week Positive Subject will verb object(s) time expression The government will increase taxes soon.She will give a presentation next week.They will pay for the course in three weeks.   Negative Subject will not (wont) verb object(s) time expression She wont help us much with the project.I wont help him with that problem.We wont buy that car. Question (Question Word) will subject verb object(s) time expression Why will they reduce taxes?When will this film end?Where will he stay next week?

Beware of Whom

Beware of Whom Beware of Whom Beware of Whom By Maeve Maddox I just read a mystery by Sue Grafton in which her character Kinsey Millhone mentally corrects a maid who responds to her phone call by asking Who may I say is calling? The Millhone character thinks Whom, sweetheart, Whom shall I say is calling This passage illustrates the fact that even an excellent writer can have trouble with when to use who and when to use whom. In this case, the maid was right and the detective was wrong. If you want to know why, read on. Like most pronouns, who has two forms: a subject form, who, and an object form, whom. To understand the use of pronoun pairs such as who/whom, he/him, she/her, I/me, they/them, and we/us when used with a verb, one must recognize whether the word is being used as the subject of the verb or as its object. Every verb has a subject. The subject is the doer of an action: I sing. We shop in town. Who knows the secret? Some verbs have objects. The object receives the action: The ball hit me. Dont forget us. Whom do you like best? Most of the time we have little trouble recognizing subject and verb because the subject usually comes before the verb and the object comes after it. The difficulty with who/whom arises from the fact that in a question, word order is reversed. We say Where are you going? and not You are going where?, Whom do you like best? and not You do like whom best? Things get really sticky when a sentence contains more than one clause (i.e., more than one set of subject and verb). The maids response is made up of two clauses. That is, it has two verbs: shall say and is calling. The subject of shall say is I. The subject of is calling is who. The clauses can be constructed in various ways: Who is calling, shall I say? Shall I say who is calling? Who shall I say is calling? The irony of Graftons criticism of the maids use of who is that elsewhere in the novel, Millhone doesnt always use whom when it would be appropriate. Conclusion The use of whom as the object form of who is on its way out of the language. More and more educated speakers and writers use who as both subject and object. There doesnt seem to be any reason not to. Who do you want? has become acceptable. Indeed, to the American ear, Whom do you want? sounds excessively proper. Personally, I like to observe the difference between who and whom in my writing, but I rarely do in speaking. Whatever you do, dont use whom as a subject! Ive seen it done, further proof that this particular point of grammar has lost its significance. If you arent sure whether to use who or whom, go with who. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to Capitalize Animal and Plant NamesAt Your Disposal

Marketing plan for british airways short haul flights Coursework

Marketing plan for british airways short haul flights - Coursework Example This highlights the need for business organizations to induce greater efficiency in their business process. The present study would focus upon the marketing strategies of British Airways with regards to short haul flights. The choice of the topic assumes significance considering that short haul flights constitute an important part of the business areas for the organization. The following sections would conduct an analysis of the marketing strategies of the firm that would help it to achieve success in the particular business segment. Market Analysis The recent economic crisis had imposed a very crucial blow to the business prospects of the participants of the airline industry. The dip in the levels of disposable income coupled with cost cutting measures taken by business organizations had a heavy impact on the revenue and profit margins of the participants of the airline industry in UK. A report published by the House of Commons in UK states that an approximate 225 million individual passengers and 2 million tonnes worth of goods used the aerial route for transportation. The report also shows comeback signs for the industry as it expect the industry to grow by approximately twice its present market value by 2030. The report also foresees plans for expansion of airports including the construction of a third runway at London Heathrow airport. The report also states the domestic passengers in UK are increasingly resorting to air travel due to the falling fares of the airlines (House of Commons, 2010, p.3). Low cost airlines are also emerging as a threat to British airways by virtue of their competitive pricing strategy. Customer Analysis Customers are the most important stakeholders for an organization. This is particularly more evident for organizations like British Airways whose business market is flooded with competitors. This makes it essential to formulate strategies so as to gain market advantage. In case of airline industry the consumer purchase decision is based on aspects like pricing which is one of the most important aspects that are considered by customers for making a purchase decision. In addition to this some other factors to be considered by the customers include loyalty programs, effective schedule of timings, comfort and ambience, safety and security, type of aircraft etc (refer annexure 1 for details) (Williams, 2008, p.19). Low cost carriers have become a major market player for the short haul segment, which is mostly because of the low fares offered by the airlines. However the low cost carriers score low on their ability to efficiently handle the operations. This represents a gap in the product offering and customer desires which could be effectively tapped by full time carriers like British Airways to gain market advantage. Marketing Objectives The marketing strategy of British Airways for a three year period would be based on the following objectives. These objectives would encompass customers, employees, performance, partnerships and service excellence. The main objective of the firm would be to gain market share by providing extremely high levels of service quality and ensuring greater efficiency in operations. The focus of the firm with regards to short haul flights

Ideal Society in the Eyes of Locke and Swift Essay

Ideal Society in the Eyes of Locke and Swift - Essay Example It also states that, essentially, the natural state of mankind is anarchic. Anarchy exists anywhere and everywhere, whereever no legitimate government is found. In Chapter 4 ("Of Slavery") Locke justifies slavery, very much like More's Utopia, where slaves are allowed upto a maximum of two per household and they are allowed freedom based on their good behaviour. Thus the concept of an ideal society is comparatively varied in all the works analysed and ironically contain shortcomings that challenge the inherent ideological bias of their authors and the ages to which they belong. Locke's Second Treatise gives the vision of a free community, where all individuals are equal, and most importantly, possessed of natural rights. The notion of property is linked to this concept too. He maintains that men will inevitably want to acquire goods and will come into inevitable conflict. Locke's etymological explanation of "property," lies in his dervation of its meaning that is life, liberty and estate, including one's self. Thus he proposes that a natural law of morality should come to govern them before they enter into a social arena. Here the irony is underlined since Locke realizes that the natural rights must be compromised so as to enter into a social structure. ... But the tricky business is with abiding by these very standards of behavior. The civil society is formed for the rights of the property, and Locke asserts that there is a non-political interest within its members for the state's function is protection and keeping intact the property that belongs to one. If the purpose of government is the protection of property, the latter must exist independently of the former. Thus society must allow this property to become a private property. The people entrust this body of standards or laws with the members of the protectors or the State. But if there is an abuse of power and this body of government ceases to act in the way the people expect, or do not represent the people's ideals, and instead just represent either their selfish needs or some other ideal, there is the possibility of a revolt or rebel. Locke suggests that not only should they rebel but overthrow that government and thereby replace it with people who will represent them better. Taken into fact that Locke was justifying his opposition to Charles II, all these concern seem fitting to his cause of an iconoclasm that he expected out of the people when the government ceases to be the mouthpiece of the people it seeks to protect. Locke's Second Treatise justifies the revolution of King William so as to explain the circumstances, under which the people of the state have ultimate right to raise concern and seek rebellion and replace one government with a better o ne. The idea of an unlimited property and that of a corrupt government are addressed in terms of Governmental intervention; since if the government comes to possess people's property then it

Benefits of renewable energy in the uae Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Benefits of renewable energy in the uae - Essay Example This is due to lack of adequate water supply. The developing cities such as Masdar city, in the United Arab Emirates, primarily rely on the renewable energy to fuel its growth activities. The architectural skills employed by the construction industry within the city are sophisticated and classy. It is anticipated that the rest of the UAE will adopt a similar or more sophisticated architectural skill in the future in order to improve the quality of the buildings and maximize the benefits of the residents. UAE comprises one of the major oil exporters worldwide. Oil has been the major economic pillar in the UAE due to substantial revenue streams from oil export. For decades, the UAE economy has been supported by oil, which has negative consequences to the environment (contributing to global warming). It is time the UAE government considered the exploitation of alternative sources of energy, preferably, the renewable sources. Abu Dhabi is the richest amongst the seven countries of the UAE. The region owns 7.4 % of the world’s oil resources, 3.2 % of global confirmed natural gas supplies, and more than 90 % of the UAE’s oil and natural gas (Abu-Hijleh& Al-Amir, 2013). Abu Dhabi’s GDP is more than half of the federal’s total, and it is presently planning to use about 175 billion dollars on economic diversification in the next six years. Because of its oil wealth, the region’s long-term economic strategy depends widely on a combination of industrialization and overseas investments in the hydrocarbon sectors and energy-intensive sectors due to the existence of the vast amounts of oil oil wealth. In principle, with Abu Dhabi’s oil reserves anticipated to last until the century’s end, its diversification efforts, have never involved an entire shift away from oil resources (Sgouridis et al., 2013). The UAE can be described as a rentier economy due to its immense fossil-fuel resources, timid national

3short questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3short questions - Assignment Example In addition, any government has a responsibility of protecting the rights and freedoms of her citizens which organizations tend to overlook so as to maximize their profitability. It is the duty of government agencies to ensure that workers’ rights and freedoms such as working conditions, salary and remunerations as well as working hours are observed. Government interference with business operations is also justified by the fact that this is one of the few ways in which business organizations can be forced to engage in operations that are legitimate (Macdonald 72). Such interference ensures that organizations restrict their operations as stipulated in the memorandum of association and article of association and do not engage in acts of lawlessness Businesses participate in politics through various strategies such as through the use of lobby groups and other business professionals. Business organizations sponsor lobbyists and professionals who act on their behalf to ensure that their organizations have made adequate contacts for with the politicians. Though there are rules and regulations that are made to prevent fraud and corruption, businesses through lobbyists end up breaking these rules particularly in the corrupt countries to bribe politicians (law makers) so that they can pass bills that favor their operations. The primary goals as to why business organizations involve themselves in politics are to get contact and to ensure that the elected political leaders are of their choice or are persons whom they share similar business ideologies. Politicians, who are in most countries law and policy makers can create a good business environment/climate that would make business organizations flourish or a hostile environment that would make it collapse (Macdonald 56). Government policies are some of the main factors that

Children with disabilities using sign language Research Paper

Children with disabilities using sign language - Research Paper Example This way, such children will exhibit a delay in speech or receptive ability. Considering that, sign language uses manual communication and body language to convey a message, such visual and gestural characteristics serves to support the receptive and expressive language for children with disabilities (Simpson & Lynch, 2007). Additionally, the incorporation of visual and auditory aspects of sign language serves to make language more tangible for children with disabilities, thus enhancing their language and communication skills. Considering that speech, language, and communication activities are supported by the left hemisphere of the brain, then, the application of sign language serves to spur the growth of the brain in children, while increasing the level of activity in the left hemisphere. This adds the kinetic sense to the visual and the oral aspects of language acquisition, enhancing the communication and language base for children (Kelly, 2008). The application of sign language is also important for teaching children with disabilities, in that, the incorporation of movement and signs enhance the ability of such children to remember what they heard and saw, increasing their receptive and expressive abilities (Simpson & Lynch, 2007). Most paramount of the application of sign language to teach children with disabilities is that, it allows a teacher to demonstrate using signs and symbols, while the learners keep imitating this. Eventually, the teacher allows the learners to imitate the signs and the symbols using their own words, an aspect that serves to enhance their language development (Simpson & Lynch, 2007). This case was observed at Grenloch School, where teachers adopted sign language for teaching children in all subjects. This application was observed to create enthusiasm in children, as they enjoyed learning through

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 23

English - Essay Example The absence of the physical identity of the individuals in the internet tended to loosened them up as they become invisible behind their digital personality. This has created problems such as; â€Å"the growing incidence of online fraud and identity theft, privacy incursions, copyright infringements, trademark violations, domain name disputes, spamming, computer viruses, inadequate or vaguely defined consumer protection laws, and terrorist-related and pornographic websites† (David 2006). These issues became so alarming that the idea of regulating internet came into mind. Many people are suggesting that perhaps it is now time for the government to step in to enforce its police power to stop these issues online. But one cannot help to think whether it is proper for the government to step in the cyberspace and whether it will be effective if ever it has to step in. Without doubt, the internet needs some sort of regulation of acceptable conduct but whether it should be the government who should enforce it is questionable. Governments are limited by geography and laws are relative depending on what country are you from. What is acceptable in one country may not be permissible in another. Say for example in China where it is not advisable to speak against the government while it is perfectly alright in the United States and such right is even protected by its laws. Given such relativity of laws, it would be difficult for any government to enforce its laws on other sovereign state for that would tantamount to conflict. Government is also a suspect in terms of policing the cyberspace. We have already seen in other countries how government can react when given the prerogative to regulate the internet. It abridges information and censures freedom of speech. Classic example is Libya where anti-government forces has to find creative means to access the internet just to share to the world what is happening there during its revolution. Libyan government literally

Children with disabilities using sign language Research Paper

Children with disabilities using sign language - Research Paper Example This way, such children will exhibit a delay in speech or receptive ability. Considering that, sign language uses manual communication and body language to convey a message, such visual and gestural characteristics serves to support the receptive and expressive language for children with disabilities (Simpson & Lynch, 2007). Additionally, the incorporation of visual and auditory aspects of sign language serves to make language more tangible for children with disabilities, thus enhancing their language and communication skills. Considering that speech, language, and communication activities are supported by the left hemisphere of the brain, then, the application of sign language serves to spur the growth of the brain in children, while increasing the level of activity in the left hemisphere. This adds the kinetic sense to the visual and the oral aspects of language acquisition, enhancing the communication and language base for children (Kelly, 2008). The application of sign language is also important for teaching children with disabilities, in that, the incorporation of movement and signs enhance the ability of such children to remember what they heard and saw, increasing their receptive and expressive abilities (Simpson & Lynch, 2007). Most paramount of the application of sign language to teach children with disabilities is that, it allows a teacher to demonstrate using signs and symbols, while the learners keep imitating this. Eventually, the teacher allows the learners to imitate the signs and the symbols using their own words, an aspect that serves to enhance their language development (Simpson & Lynch, 2007). This case was observed at Grenloch School, where teachers adopted sign language for teaching children in all subjects. This application was observed to create enthusiasm in children, as they enjoyed learning through

Influence the West Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Influence the West - Essay Example Body Influence on Democracy of Modern West The Greek civilization has a major impact in shaping the current democratic system of America. Greeks were the ones who developed the system recognized as Direct Democratic System, this system can be easily witnessed in the way American government is operated. The Persian Empire was the one to use the centralized way of ruling the nation in which decisions were made by the head of the states and these decisions were followed by the citizens (Richard, 2010). On the other hand, the Greek Empire was created of the elements of state and cities and the empire was heavily dependent on the public’s participation in the political system. This kind of political system and means of running the country was fairly new to the way an empire was governed. During that era, other empires failed to understand the importance of the participation of the citizens of a country in decision making and running of the political system. They even failed to unde rstand how public can handle the issues faced by the governments of that time. ... Later the scenario changed and all individuals of US were granted the right to vote and were recognized as citizens. The Greeks were the ones who recognized the importance of votes of all the citizens of the nation. Therefore they created an assembly in the city of Athens where all the citizens participated in political process of electing the government body. The citizens were responsible for electing officers to different government positions and these officers were compensated for the services they offered in the government. Similarly, the assembly in comprises of individuals that represent the public and these individuals are responsible for voting for the election of different individuals to different government positions (Osborne, 2006). Influence on Republic Government The government of the Romans start with the creation of constitution, their constitution provided the government with the guideline for operating the nation. Similarly the US functions according to a constitutio n and all the activities conducted by the government are in compliance with the constitution. If activities against the constitution are conducted, the conductor of such activities is held responsible in the court of law. The US process of creating rules and regulations is even similar to the law making system of the Roman period. During the Roman period an assembly consisting of the citizens initiated the process of rule making by passing a legislation, which was later approved by the individuals that were categorized as the upper class and then the rule was passed in the name of the public (Watkin, 1986). In US, same procedure for making rules is followed, first the rule is passed by the representatives of the public which is then accepted by the senate and then the legislation is

Moral, Social, and Political Philosophy Comparison Essay Example for Free

Moral, Social, and Political Philosophy Comparison Essay Philosophy is a vast subject area to talk about. It is already known that philosophy involves the way people think about different things and how we questions things around us. The primary goal of philosophy is to obtain knowledge. To get and understanding of knowledge and question knowledge is what philosophy is all about. Philosophy has been studied by philosophers for years and every philosopher has his or her own take on what philosophy means to them. Sometimes there are agreements and sometimes there are disagreements within the philosophy community but with the debates being raised goes the rise to the knowledge that exists in philosophy. Through studies and debates philosophers have found that there are many different types of philosophy. Three very important types of philosophy are moral, social, and political philosophy. These three philosophy types are examined over and over by many philosophers. There is a lot of insight that can be learned by all three philosophy types. To get a more insight into moral, social and political philosophy one must compare and contrast the differences and similarities in the three types. Moral philosophy is the philosophical study of moral judgments- value judgments about what is virtuous or base, just or injust, morally right or wrong, morally good or bad or evil, ,morally improper or proper. (Moore-Bruder, 2005) For example, if you see an older lady with a lot of groceries in her hand then one would say it would be morally right to help the woman with her groceries. So it would be morally right to help those that are in need of help. Many philosophers study this type of moral philosophy. Asking questions about what makes something wrong or right morally. There are also three different ideas about morals which are skepticism, relativism, and subjectivism. Skepticism would be when people feel that having moral knowledge is not humanly possible. Basically we do not know what moral standards are. This means that any thing goes and there is no right or wrong belief. Relativism is the fact that different cultures have different beliefs and have differences on what is morally right or wrong. Subjectivist basically is what is right or wrong depending on what you might believe as an individual person. Within moral philosophy there is also the use of egoism which is putting your self-interest in front of everything else. The pursuit of pleasure is hedonism. (Moore-Bruder, 2005) Knowing how to seek put pleasure and embracing it is a description of this type of moral philosophy. There is also what is called social philosophy which goes hand in hand with moral philosophy. In social philosophy we bring up questions about social behavior. Basically how is the behavior of a person in different social settings? The legitimacy of different laws socially and the breakdown of revolution. There is the break down of social questions when it comes to things like demographics, culture, and science. Social philosophy helps with understanding changes and different patterns within societies. Then you have what is called political philosophy. This means finding the best form of political existence. (Moore-Bruder, 2005) It helps give an understanding to the nature of political relationships and also authority. This means that there are questions rose like How do you determine whether someone is to go to jail or pay a fine? Such questions like that tap into the political environment of philosophy. In political philosophy it is said that the philosopher Aristotle was an ethical naturalist and because of that he was sometimes viewed as the source of natural law political theory. (Moore-Bruder, 2005) That means that there a questions are answered through natural law which is suppose to determine right or wrong. In political philosophy there are four kinds of law which are eternal law, divine law, natural law, and human law. Now eternal law is the idea that God rules over everything and divine law puts people in the direction of his or her supernatural goal which is eternal joy. Natural law is the eternal law God which could be described as happiness on earth or the natural goal of man. Last, human law is the laws that are made through the thoughts and ideas of man. These all show different aspects of political philosophy. Different rights one would have come along the lines of political philosophy. In conclusion, the depth of philosophy goes far beyond each of our understanding and that is why studying the different aspects of philosophy gives those better insights into things that are questioned. Moral philosophy deals with what is morally right or wrong in different individuals eyes. Social philosophy deals with the social aspect of questioning social ideas and changes. Whether it is laws, science, culture, or demographics, these ideas can bring forth socially motivated questions. Last, political philosophy deals with the different political questions of what is right and wrong and how we determine this through political questioning. All three of these political philosophies are dissected through constant study and debate on what is really the basis of philosophy. Reference:Moore, B. N. , Bruder, K. (2005(. Philosophy: The Power of Ideas (6th ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill (Packaged with PowerWeb). Retrieved: January 14, 2009.

Judge First: Bite Last Essay -- social issues

Judge First: Bite Last The soccer ball hit the grassy field with a minor thump, while screams centered attention near the goalie’s post. The child’s puny hands showing little resistance to the canine incisors planted deep within his pierced left arm. The Pit Bull only winced his eyes to squeeze the blood laden arm beyond the shattering point. The Pit Bull’s head shaking as a crocodile with morning’s breakfast, forced his meal to lifelessness on the soiled grass. The child’s lame arm dropped, signaling the lost battle. Why do we have a maligned image of the Pit Bull? Pit Bulls strike fear in the hearts of their onlookers. Their body features look similar to that of a Rottwieler, with a blocky head, square body, and clamp-like jaws. Separated only by a leash, an unknown Pit Bull would terrify me. For example, imagine walking down the street and seeing a gentleman walking his Pit Bull. The jingle of dog tags grows louder, revealing a shadow that moves. Its cold stare, combined with unpredictability would bring me to swiftly move to the furthest sidewalk from them. The ability of that dog to bring my body an unexplainable mess is far from what I want to tango with. The carelessness of owners is our greatest source of danger with the Pit Bull. Picture a jogger embarking on his daily exercise. The last of daylight leaves as the sun disappears over the horizon. The man’s body tires as he pushes on down the nearby neighborhood block. Suddenly stopping with large sweat drop...

Sophie’s Heart :: Essays Papers

Sophie’s Heart This novel is excellent and extremely well written. It follows the life of Sophie, a Czechoslovakian woman who immigrates to America. Sophie was a translator for the Czech Government and is fluent in German, Italian, Russian and Polish. Unfortunately, Sophie was not fluent in English. When Sophie comes to America she has huge difficulties in finding a job. After 9 months in America she meets Janet Ring at a local church. Janet and her family then slowly get to know Sophie and realize that Sophie is not happy working in a restaurant or happy living in Chicago. She realizes what a special person Sophie is, Sophie is a strong person who does not allow others to take advantage of her. Yet she has a tender heart and is able to share it with others. God then lays a solution for her brother on her heart. She approaches Alec about hiring Sophie as their housekeeper. There is reluctance on his side, yet he does not want his children burdened any more. He agrees to take Sophie on a trial perio d. Sophie wants to get out of the city and the restaurant. She loves children and jumps at the opportunity Janet offers her. When she meets the Riley family she realizes that God can use her there to help this hurting family. She has not desire to replace Vanessa Riley, but would like to help them as they adjust. Sophie moves into the apartment above the garage. She works every morning till late at night. Alec works lots and rarely gets to come home and eat with his family. The children miss their father but get used to his absence. Craig is reluctant to get even remotely close to Sophie. He is afraid that she is trying to take place of his mother. He also worried that if he gets close he will forget his mother. Tory the youngest is very attached to Sophie. She teaches Sophie the American ways. Introduces her to â€Å"The Price is Right† and other popular American TV shows. Rita, the eldest of the three is there helping Sophie with anything she needs to feel comfortable. She takes Sophie grocery shopping, as Sophie doesn’t drive. Rita also takes Sophie clothing shopping to help her with her style. Sophie does not want to be an inconvenience and is extremely polite. Sophie wakes up two hours early on Sundays to walk to church because she couldn’t dare ask the Riley family for a ride.

Lincoln: An American Historical Drama Film by Steven Spielberg Essay

Lincoln is a 2012 American historical drama film directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, starring Daniel Day-Lewis as United States President Abraham Lincoln and Sally Field as Mary Todd Lincoln. The film is based in part on Doris Kearns Goodwin’s biography of Lincoln, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, and covers the final four months of Lincoln’s life, focusing on the President’s efforts in January 1865 to have the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed by the United States House of Representatives. Lincoln begins a year before the end of the civil war with the movie’s only battle scene. It’s a minute of the bloody, hand-to-hand combat at Jenkins’ Ferry, Arkansas. Then two black soldiers recall the battle while talking to Lincoln about the future of the Union. In January 1865, and United States President Abraham Lincoln had just started his second term in office as an extremely popular leader, especially among his supporters. However, the country is in disorder with the Civil War entering its fourth year and having taken the lives of many a soldier on both sides. Lincoln believes that passing of the Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution; This would declare that â€Å"neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction†, would most importantly achieve something he strongly believed in, but also end the war since slavery was a large reason for it. The Amendment already passed in the Senate, and was scheduled for vote in the House of Representatives at the end of the month. While he is assured of yes votes from his fellow Republicans, he and his team had to work hard under the radar to assure enough yes votes from Democrats, which will require compromise in other areas. But other factors may also come into play on the vote, such as the Confederate forces in the war issuing their own compromise to end the war but keep slavery. Meanwhile, Lincoln also deals with hostile relationship with wife Mary Todd Lincoln and their latest situation in oldest son Robert leaving law school to enlist. From personal experience, President Lincoln is thought of as one of the most influential and best president throughout history. Abolishing slavery really put the nation on its path to unity and the superpower it is today. Even though throughout history after that historical event there has been several steps taken to further his actions to make black and whites and equal part f society, abolishing slavery was the largest and most influential step. After watching this film, it became evident that President Lincoln was an extremely well respected man and made the hard decisions that he knew wouldn’t be popular at the time because of how the country was structured. The film illustrated that Lincoln was wise beyond his years and knew that his decisions would impact the nation in a positive manner for the rest of time. Pre sident Lincoln’s leadership skills were evident and were the major theme in the film. From the beginning of the movie, from his wife to his cabinet members, everyone was trying to convince him that getting rid of slavery wasn’t going to happen and he will lose the approval of his country by pushing the issue. Slavery in the United States was a way of life up to that point. Blacks were not considered equal and were looked at more as property than people. From the first President until Lincoln’s time everyone including the past presidents had slaves. Slaves were a major part of the economy because of the labor power that was being utilized. Slaves were used as servants, worked in the fields for countless hours and used for everyday jobs that today are vital occupations. With the 13th Amendment, slaves would be freed of their unpaid work and would now have to be compensated for their time and would cause many people to lose money. Of course such an immense decision to change the entire culture of the country would be hated by a majority of the people. President Lincoln felt strongly about the issue and was looking at the big picture of the country, not the present, which is why he is considered one of the best presidents of all time. Being a leader means not always making the popular decision. It’s making the hard decisions that are not always the popular one, but the one that will directly or indirectly benefit, in President Lincoln’s case, the country as a whole. Even in today’s society there is still racism and controversy between ethnicities. Until the 1950s, not too long ago, there was still segregation and blacks were not looked at as equals. After watching this movie, these themes really stood out and hit home about how far the country has come since President Lincoln made one of the most historical decisions of all time. His leadership skills are evident throughout the course of the movie by being able to sway the decisions of both parties into standing by his decision and believing in him that the 13th Amendment was the right thing. I would absolutely recommend this movie to everyone, young or old, because of the history that’s behind it. The scene of the movie that really stood out was in the end of the film when the votes were being cast and the leader of the house asked to cast his vote. He was called out by a Democrat that was against the amendment because it was an irregular occurrence for him to cast a vote but responded with, â€Å"This is a historical event. † President Lincoln changed history and this country forever. Even though it took over a century to get to where we are as a country today and many major events occurring in between, President Lincoln was arguably in my opinion the indirect forefather of the civil rights movement and one of the most influential men in history.

THE NEED FOR MALE TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS

There is an undeniable call for male instructors in the instruction system particularly at the primary and secondary school degree. Over the last two decennaries with the proliferation of the feminist motion and a paradigm displacement in male/female functions, work forces have appeared to dwindle out of the learning profession go forthing it a female dominated sphere. In fact, it appears that more and more work forces are non inclined to go instructors for legion grounds, some of which are rather valid ( Paton, 2010 ) . So where does that go forth the instruction system and the hereafter of our immature male childs? Well harmonizing to Gold and Reis ( 1982 ) , it is non needfully in a really bad province. It is argued that both male childs and misss can develop into lovingness, intelligent, good disciplined grownups irrespective of the gender of their instructors, and that the most of import thing is the attitude of the instructors toward the kid and overall engagement in the kid ‘s life. This statement though, is refuted strongly by Mac Donald ( 2007 ) who suggests that immature male childs have been affected by the diminution in male instructors in their developmental old ages ( considered to be preschool age 2 to 12 old ages ) . A powerful statement that male childs are able to derive more than merely academic accomplishment from male instructors is made when he suggests that male instructors act as function theoretical accounts of manhood and maleness which are really critical for immature male childs. In telling his ain experience and the looks of others he interacted with, he notes how some of the male instructors and male principals he had were able to animate masculine traits such as physical strength, vibrant wellness and a spirit of healthy competition. Mac Donald ( 2007 ) elaborates farther by indicating out how his male high school principal was able to command regard, and yet be a friend. He besides statedHeHehhhhhhh that his male instructors were able to represent maleness which engenders service and forfeit, encouragement and affableness. Male instructors by illustration Teach cardinal qualities of maleness which besides includes self- subject, THE NEED FOR MALE TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS FOR YOUNG BOYS 3 resiliency, aspiration, leading, the bravery to face hardship, every bit good as the ability to move resolutely and forcefully when conditions warrant. Harmonizing to Collins ( 2009 ) , a individual regarded by others, particularly younger people, as a good illustration to follow is a function theoretical account. Based on feedback from instructors of other schools and what I have observed in my ain school I have inferred that adult females by and large are incapable of successfully act uponing immature males on their ain. At first glimpse this might look to be a male chauvinist or even chauvinist statement but the primary authorization figure for immature male childs that are now a threat in some of our schools are preponderantly female instructors and/or individual female parents, aunties or grandmas. This could bespeak that even with the best attempts and purposes, immature male childs are non reacting positively to the influence of these dominant adult females in their lives. Clark ( 2009 ) expresses that assorted surveies concur that the presence of male instructors at the primary and secondary school degree has significantly declined over the last 20 old ages. One ground for this is that work forces have the perceptual experience that the nurturing of immature kids is a ‘woman ‘s function ‘ . There is besides the belief that some work forces shun the instruction profession due to frights of false sexual maltreatment allegations ( paedophile craze ) and deficiency of male opposite numbers at particularly the primary school degree. Although there is division as to the exact benefits of male instructors, the research from the Training and Development Agency for Schools found that male childs are less riotous in lessons taught by work forces. Clark ( 2009 ) besides points out that a research conducted by the Training and Development Agency for Schools ( TDA ) claimed that male childs taught by adult females are more likely to interrupt lessons and neglect their surveies. Fifty-one per cent of male childs in primary schools said they would be more obedient in category if taught by a adult male and 42 per cent said they would work harder. THE NEED FOR MALE TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS FOR YOUNG BOYS 4 An article by Staff ( 2008 ) , sum uping the consequences of a study on 800 plus work forces by the TDA revealed that they found that more than a 3rd ( 35 % ) felt that holding a male primary instructor challenged them to work harder at school. Those questioned besides said that male instructors were more accessible. Half ( 50 % ) were more likely to near a male instructor about intimidation, a similar proportion ( 49 % ) were more likely to near them about jobs with school work, 29 % went to them with jobs at place and 24 % were more likely to inquire them inquiries about pubescence. Even as this study may deduce that female instructors ‘ functions may hold besides been of import, it emphasizes the demand for male instructors in the school system which allow immature male childs to experience that it is good to make good in school. In my experience as a secondary school instructor, I have noticed that boys react more positively and inadvisably to correction given by male instructors as opposed to female instructors. One might reason that this might be strictly incidental. However, unless a female instructor exhibits masculine authorization manners or inordinate force every bit far as possible, they appear to accomplish minimum or ephemeral consequences when covering with particularly riotous and hard male childs. Because of this, boys are by and large disengaged in academic activities because most of the female instructors merely do non hold the capacity, desire or energy to cover with them. Staff ( 2008 ) quoted Dr Tanya Byron, a clinical psychologist and broadcaster, by stating: â€Å" Male primary school instructors can frequently be stable and dependable figures in the lives of the kids that they teach. They inspire kids to experience more confident, to work harder and to act better. † Simply put boys learn more when they are instructed by male instructors. Not merely do work forces hold a positive impact on academic accomplishment in male childs but besides they being indispensable in portraying and patterning maleness and manhood is critical ( MacDonald, 2007 ) . As made evident in appraisal of many of these immature male childs, they come from places where THE NEED FOR MALE TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS FOR YOUNG BOYS 5 they have small or no male function theoretical accounts. The unfortunate tendency in this present society is one that has left many households without a male parent and hence, confusion in the heads of these immature kids as to who to pattern or look up excessively, the male instructor hence, might be that merely positive male function theoretical account in their lives ( MacDonald, 2007 ) . Thinking back on my ain experience, I remembered that I saw my male instructors in primary school as superior authorization figures. I believe that those male instructors allowed me to put a high value on my instruction and encouraged me to desire to win. Hence, by the clip I reached the secondary school degree my signifier instructor ; a male provided support and way, as I was really focussed on my school work at that point. Should we so conclude that the male presence in instruction is more of import than the female influence? Or does stating we need more male instructors mean that we do non necessitate female instructors? Decidedly non, it is non a inquiry of male versus female, but there is a demand for more positive male presence and equity in the gender fluctuation of instructors at the primary and secondary degree to shut the gender spread or gender divide ( MacDonald, 2007 ) . Pelletier ( 2004 ) through research findings noted that there was more prevalence of category repeat and academic hold in male childs than misss. This hold was largely attributed to gender fluctuations in larning the linguistic communication and direction by female instructors. This weaker academic public presentation of male childs appeared to hold great influence in their calling ends and willingness to remain in school. One of the major subscribers to bettering academic accomplishment in male child was accommodating educational attacks to the alone acquisition manners of male childs. Male instructors tend to include games and competitory activities that boys respond to more positively. Another factor cited as influential was: the male teacher-student relationship ( which requires the instructor to interact on a societal degree with the male childs ) . Holland ( 1996 ) suggests that one of the major issues environing academic failure in immature male childs THE NEED FOR MALE TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS FOR YOUNG BOYS 6 is the fact that they are surrounded by preponderantly female instructors, therefore it is ingrained in their mind that school work is something for misss to make. They seldom see males in their environment prosecuting in academic activity and hence there is struggle with their maleness. What immature male childs need are work forces who are systematically at that place for them, who model good behaviour and values, and who are consistent in their attention for those that they love. They do n't necessitate work forces who have checked out of constructing relationships and those who are nil more than sperm givers ( Heard, 2009 ) . I believe that because immature male childs are at a critical phase in their development and non burying the deficiency of male presence in their lives the male instructor function theoretical account seems to be in the best place to represent those qualities. Toysoldier ( 2010 ) notes, that the demand for positive male function theoretical accounts for immature male childs is non a new scenario. In fact it is rather surprising that so much money is put into rectification installations that purportedly deal with riotous male behaviour when the support and societal focal point should be prior to this effusion of negative and baleful behaviours. Much of the delinquent behaviour is a consequence of non being able to suit into the academic system and therefore turning to criminal behaviour which is frequently mimicked in the bad male illustrations they have. Boys respond positively to consistent authorization and way. They need reinforcement when they exhibit good behaviours and necessitate to be invariably encouraged to seek a healthy life style and must take duty for all the picks they make. In the modern society they have been in a quandary of holding to utilize video games as their chief beginning of masculine mold and they are besides bei ng bombarded by this thrust for work forces to be ‘more feminine ‘ or ‘in touch ‘ with their muliebrity which is non the solution to the job of low academic accomplishment or being end oriented. Browne ( 2007 ) concedes that for most immature boys the demand to stand out academically is non seen as the ‘male thing ‘ . Browne suggests that at the secondary school level the most of import influence in a male child ‘s life is peer influence. If the general thought of his equals is that larning and academe is a waste of THE NEED FOR MALE TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS FOR YOUNG BOYS 7 clip so it is most likely that he would follow the same attitude. Whilst some male childs are able to develop get bying schemes to stand out academically, most seem to be unable to make this at a immature age. The power of equal force per unit area can merely perchance be pre-empted by self-asserting male function theoretical account instructors. At the secondary school degree most male childs are holding a rush of maleness and would dispute both instructors and parents. Browne says that the instructor ‘s conflict is so against testosterone, the equal group and the street where the civilization is ne'er to endorse down to authorization no affair what. Without male instructors as an alternate function theoretical account, the influence of equals and street civilization is almighty. Boys want to be portion of a nine or pack. Browne ( 2007 ) notes the importance of instructor preparation to cover with the issues that male childs have. It is of import to associate to each male child one on one, to extinguish the strong group dynamic that exist in equals. Looking at intercession patterns to cover with aberrant behaviours is indispensable to turn toing the academic involvements of immature male childs. The first manner of operation should non be to direct male childs place ( to watch telecasting and other unthinking activities ) when they engage in riotous behaviours but a recommendation is to allow them travel into reding Sessionss with male function theoretical accounts. Having more work forces in schoolroom shows immature male childs that there is an alternate option and that it can be cool to larn instead than be aberrant. Harmonizing to Wright ( 2009 ) surveies reveal that stripling male childs need to cognize that they are of import to a adult male whom they respect in order to develop self assurance and a strong sense of individuality. â€Å" To be a adult male you must see a adult male † , immature male childs need good work forces to assist them go good work forces. Most male childs are left to calculate out manhood entirely because of the predomination of females in their adolescent old ages. Basically boys grow when they are surrounded by a strong male function theoretical account ( Manfre, 2010 ) . THE NEED FOR MALE TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS FOR YOUNG BOYS 8 Some surveies even suggest that female instructors favor misss and really present and implement some of their prejudices with regard to what they consider ideal behavior: soundlessness and obeisance. Hence, masculine male childs are seen as violative and sometimes even treated with ill will ( Gold and Reis, 1982 ) . Gold and Reis continue by stating that in states where there are a higher proportion of male instructors, surveies reveal that the reading abilities of immature male childs are enhanced. It was besides found that boys underachievement in reading in the US is linked to the current gender instability in the instruction system ( Gorman, 2010 ) . Here we may be able to place the importance of the socio-linguistic factor, in that a male child is able to react to male communicating because it reflects similarities intrinsic to his ain linguistic communication. The engagement and engagement of work forces in the instruction profession at the primary and secondary degree is in great demand. Many pedagogues at the direction degree are assiduously working at enrolling competent males ; strong function theoretical accounts that can transform the lives of kids and more significantly immature male childs they interact with. One of the stereotypes is that work forces are n't seen as being able to foster and care for kids as adult females do, nevertheless, this is non the world. Many kids are soon turning up without positive males in their lives and holding male instructors are an chance to offer a great alteration and influence that gives a different position to the kid ( Terrell, 2009 ) . From a philosophical position, if it is desired that boys adopt behaviours that make them exceeding work forces they need to be exposed to matching doctrines from the same gender. It is undeniable that boys need work forces. Men play a critical function in the development of immature male childs and more so positive work forces. A sense of ego regard, unity, ego assurance is fostered when a immature male child has a adult male he looks up to pattern and interact with. It is impossible to supply all the bing immature male childs with a present, positive father-however ; they can hold a good male to emulate ; a male instructor function theoretical account. Presently, some adult females in our society intentionally take to raise kids without male parents while some THE NEED FOR MALE TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS FOR YOUNG BOYS 9 do no pick in the affair. However, based on all the findings and analysis of the reading and research, it is clear that immature male childs are in despairing demand for male teacher function theoretical accounts in their lives. I would desire to propose a few recommendations that are non needfully alone, but might be able to somehow relieve some of the jobs immature male childs experience. First, most intercession plans would necessitate male instructors who are willing to volunteer their clip and commit to the procedure. Some plans that can be developed include: 1. Mentoring inaugural during or after school for which male instructors can utilize to leave positive masculine traits ( honestness, unity, finding, committedness to task etc. ) 2. Let some sporting activities which would affect male instructors playing with and against immature male child ( s ) to further strength, support and chumminess. 3. Male instructors should even eat with their male pupils which would let them chance in advancing a healthy feeding life style for immature male childs by illustration and treatment. 4. Religious direction and supplication groups conducted by male instructors would supply a resource for immature male childs pa rticularly those who are in crisis and need religious encouragement and supplication. There is a despairing demand for immature male childs in our present society to hold regard for themselves and others, to derive self assurance, to be strong morally and spiritually and to be comfy with their individuality as male. I think because there is a shortage in male function theoretical accounts at place and in the community where immature male childs live, male instructors are likely the best hope as function theoretical accounts for immature male childs â€Å" It is easier to construct strong male childs than to mend broken work forces. † – Frederick Douglass. THE NEED FOR MALE TEACHERS AS ROLE MODELS FOR YOUNG BOYS 10

Glorious Revolution

Factsheet G4 General Series August 2010 House of Commons Information Office The Glorious Revolution Contents Introduction 2 Events of 1685 – 1689 2 1685: succession of James II 2 1686: repeal of the Test Acts 2 1687: Declaration of Indulgence 3 1688: the Glorious Revolution 3 1689: Bill of RIghts 4 Historical Interpretations 4 Appendix A 6 The Declaration of Rights: February 13 1689 6 Further reading 8 Contact information 8 Feedback form 9 The term Glorious Revolution refers to the series of events in 1688-89 which culminated in the exile of King James II and the accession to the throne of William and Mary.It has also been seen as a watershed in the development of the constitution and especially of the role of Parliament. This Factsheet is an attempt to explain why. This Factsheet is available on the internet through: http://www. parliament. uk/about/how/guides/facts heets1/ August 2010 FS No. G4 Ed 3. 2 ISSN 0144-4689  © Parliamentary Copyright (House of Commons) 2002 May b e reproduced for purposes of private study or research without permission. Reproduction for sale or other commercial purposes not permitted. 2 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4Introduction The Glorious Revolution is a term used to describe the peaceful way in which Parliament asserted its rights over the monarchy in 1688. This Factsheet begins with a chronology of the events that took place between 1685 and 1689 starting with the death of Charles II and culminating in the Bill of Rights in 1689. The Factsheet then looks at some historical interpretations of these events. Events of 1685 – 1689 1685: succession of James II On 6 February Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother, the Catholic James II.In spite of widespread fears of Catholicism, and the previous attempts which had been made to exclude James II from the throne, the succession occurred without incident. In fact on 19 May, when James's Parliament met, it was overwhelmin gly loyalist in composition. The House voted James for life the same revenues his brother had enjoyed. Indeed after the suppressed invasions by the Dukes of Argyle and Monmouth1, the Commons voted additional grants, accompanied by fervent protestations of loyalty.However, this fervour did not last. When the House was recalled after the summer, James asked the Commons for more money for the maintenance of his standing army. He further antagonised them by asking for the repeal of the Test Acts. These were the 1673 Acts that required office holders to prove that they were not Catholics by making a declaration against transubstantiation2. Between 12 and 19 November Parliament declined to repeal the Acts and refused the extra money.In their reply to the King's speech parliament made it clear that the King's employment of Catholic officers was â€Å"of the greatest concern to the rights of all your Majesty's dutiful and loyal subjects† and begged him to allay their â€Å"apprehens ions and jealousies†. On 20 November, James prorogued Parliament, realising that they would not agree to repeal the penal laws against Catholics. 1686: repeal of the Test Acts In April, in a collusive law case, Godden v Hales, the judges ruled that James II could dispense with the Test Acts without the consent of Parliament in individual cases.The King began to introduce Roman Catholics and some dissenters into the army, universities, and even posts within the Anglican Church. On 15 July an Ecclesiastical Commission was set up, to which the King's powers as Governor of the Church of England were delegated. This Commission could deprive the clergy of their functions, and one of its first acts was to suspend Henry Compton, Bishop of London, because he had refused to suspend a London clergyman who had preached against Roman Catholicism. A papal envoy was even received with honour in Whitehall.In Scotland, the Marquis of Queensberry was dismissed as Royal Commissioner when the Sco ttish Parliament also failed to repeal the Test Acts: He was replaced by a largely Roman Catholic administration. In these circumstances, it was not surprising that throughout 1686 a growing fear manifested itself among the King's subjects that James was plotting to impose his own religious views on the country. The author John Evelyn wrote in his diary, â€Å"The Lord Jesus defend his little flock and preserve this threatened Church and nation. Meanwhile, to secure a House of Commons that would support his policies, James began a campaign to appoint sympathetic electors. Deputy Lieutenants, Justices of the Peace and members of municipal corporations (who had the right to vote) were asked whether they would support candidates willing to repeal the penal laws and 1 2 the Duke of Monmouth was the illegitimate son of Charles II The Roman Catholic belief that bread and wine are changed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ 3 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4Test Acts. On the basis of their answers, many were turned out, to be replaced with Roman Catholics and dissenters. 1687: Declaration of Indulgence On April 5 the King published a Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended all the religious penal laws: â€Å"We cannot but heartily wish, as it will easily be believed, that all the people of our Dominions were members of the Catholic Church, yet we humbly thank Almighty God that it is †¦ our opinion that conscience ought not to be constrained nor people forced in matters of mere religion. These were brave words, but James's heavy-handed insensitivity to the fears of the majority of his subjects, and his use of the Royal Prerogative without Parliamentary approval were causing deep unease.In July the King received Ferdinando d'Adda as official Papal Nuncio to the Court of St James. Throughout the rest of the year, the Lord Lieutenants were instructed to call together prominent local people and ask them, if they were t o be chosen as Members, whether they would approve the repeal of the penal laws, and other questions esigned to the same end. Most of the existing Lord Lieutenants refused to put these questions, and in August, nine were dismissed by the King. In any case, the surviving answers to the King's questions show an almost unanimous opposition among the prominent and influential local men who had been canvassed. 1688: the Glorious Revolution The Declaration of Indulgence was reissued by James on April 27 1688, and in an act of gross miscalculation he ordered Anglican clergy to read it from the pulpit to their congregations on two consecutive Sundays.On 18 May the Archbishop of Canterbury and six other bishops refused to read it and petitioned against the order, thus entering Whig history as the Seven Bishops. The petition requested the King to withdraw the order on the grounds that the foundation of his declaration of indulgence was illegal, being based on his suspending power, actions tha t had often been condemned by Parliament. On June 8 the Seven Bishops were arrested and sent to the Tower to await trial; two days after this, with very poor timing, the Queen gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward, Prince of Wales, who was baptised according to the Roman Catholic rite.The prospect of an unending Catholic dynasty ruling without Parliament gave rise to ugly rumours that the baby was no true prince but a substitute smuggled into the Queen's bed in a warming pan. When, a few days afterwards, on 30 June the Seven Bishops were acquitted by jury, huge crowds celebrated in the streets, burning effigies of the Pope, and attacking Catholic establishments. The same day, a â€Å"letter of invitation† was signed by seven prominent politicians (Shrewsbury, Devonshire, Danby, Lumley, the Bishop of London, Henry Sidney and Edward Russell).This invited William of Orange, Protestant son-in-law to James, to intervene to save both Church and State. In fact William had alread y made his decision to intervene, and on October 1 issued his manifesto from the Hague, listing at length the allegedly illegal actions of the last three years: â€Å"†¦ Therefore it is that we have thought fit to go over to England, and to carry with us a force sufficient, by the blessing of God, to defend us from the violence of those evil councillors ; and we, being desirous that our intention in this way may be rightly understood, have prepared this Declaration†¦ William landed at Torbay in Devon with about 15,000 (mostly Dutch) troops on November 5; the only successful large-scale landing in England since 1485. James still had his standing army, but the enthusiasm with which William was welcomed and the defections from James's 4 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4 army strengthened William's hand. He entered London on December 19, and a few days later James II was allowed to escape for France. 1689: Bill of Rights On 22 January a new Parliament first met.This was known as the Convention Parliament although as it was summoned by William of Orange and not the King, was not strictly speaking a Parliament at all. On February 12, the Convention Parliament issued a Declaration of Rights (see Appendix) which sharply condemned the actions of James II and asserted what it described as â€Å"certain ancient rights and liberties†. The same day, Princess Mary, William's wife and James's elder daughter, arrived in London. Lord Halifax, the leader of the Lords, read the Declaration to both William and Mary on the next day, and then offered them the crown.The declaration was later embodied in the Bill of Rights passed by Parliament in December 1689: this further stipulated that the throne be occupied by a Protestant only and that the succession was to rest with (1) the heirs of Mary (2) the heirs of her sister Anne. Historical Interpretations The traditional Whig view of the Glorious Revolution is embodied in Thomas Babington Macaulay's The History of England from the accession of James the second, 1849-61. For Macaulay the revolution was â€Å"a vindication of our ancient rights† in which it was â€Å"finally decided †¦ hether the popular element, which had, ever since the age of Fitzwalter and de Montfort, been found in English polity, should be destroyed by the monarchical element, or should be suffered to develop itself freely and to become dominant. † Macaulay's view was that because England had had a preserving revolution in the seventeenth century she had been spared a destroying revolution in the nineteenth.As the contemporary philosopher John Locke had written, James II was guilty of breaking the â€Å"original contract† between sovereign and people, and had therefore suffered the just wrath of Parliament and people. The Whig view of the Glorious Revolution is therefore simply that it was a triumph for the purity of constitutional law over an outrageous attem pt at its perversion, a reaffirmation of the liberties of the English people. However, this interpretation of the Glorious Revolution has not gone unchallenged. To some twentieth century historians it has appeared as a respectable revolution, (e. g. Lucile Pinkham, William and the Respectable Revolution, 1954), involving just the ruling classes and leaving the monarchy in most respects unaltered, hardly a proper revolution at all.For example, the constitutional historian Mark Thompson wrote that apart from determining the succession, the Bill of Rights (which contained the clauses submitted for acceptance by William and Mary) did â€Å"little more than set forth certain points of existing laws and simply secured to Englishmen the rights of which they were already legally possessed†. 4 Others have been even more dismissive: the Russian historian, Viktor F Semenov, regarded it as a mere coup d'etat in its conservatism, its bloodlessness and its legalism5.This Marxist interpreta tion is given some weight by the fact that (for example) a point-by-point analysis of the Bill of Rights does reveal that in several aspects it is indeed a rather conservative document. It is a declaratory Act, reasserting ancient rights and restoring the monarchy with 3 4 5 in Two Treatises of Government 1688-89 Constitutional History of England, London, 1938 Perevorot 1688 [The Coup of 1688] in The English Bourgeois Revolution of the 17th century, Moscow, 1954 5 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4 imitations which (it is possible to argue) differed in no major or significant way from the traditional ones. It is quite tempting to see the events of 1688 as a mere codicil to the interregnum6, of no major importance in themselves. However, this is misleading. The civil wars cannot be regarded as finally settling England's political future as a parliamentary monarchy. Neither, of course, can the Glorious Revolution of 1688. However, before 1688 it i s possible to see England as beginning to move towards absolutism on the French model.After 1688 this is stopped. The obvious cause of the Glorious Revolution was the stupidity and impatience of James II, who not only frightened the Anglican Church and laity by his moves towards a restoration of Popery, but managed to unite a wide variety of interests in opposition to his clumsy policies. However, it must be remembered that the Prince called in to save the situation had no desire for a weakened monarchy: the agreements of 1688-89 are not, therefore, obviously radical documents.But the fact they exist at all is of great importance. Any move towards popery or absolutism was stopped. Also the Declaration and Bill of Rights restricted the King's dispensing powers and his standing army, and insisted on the rights of a free Parliament. One development which did result from the Glorious Revolution was the transformation by William III of England's place in Europe and the wars that this inv olved, which led to a crucial loss of royal power and establishment of parliamentary supremacy.For instance the Triennial Act of 1694 required Parliaments to be summoned every three years , and thus prevented future monarchs from ruling without a parliament, a favourite practice of the Stuarts – but this is a development seen with hindsight. â€Å"Constitutional government has endured because it became a habit in the eighteenth century, not because it was established by revolution (great or small) in the seventeenth. â€Å"7 6 7 A period between monarchs, i. e. Charles II and William III J Western, Monarch and Revolution, 1972 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4 Appendix A The Declaration of Rights: February 13 1689 Whereas the late King James the Second, by the assistance of divers evil counsellors, judges, and ministers employed by him, did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant religion and the laws and liberties of the kin gdom. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws, and the execution of laws, without the consent of parliament.By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused concurring to the said assumed power. By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the Great Seal for erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes. By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative, for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by parliament.By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without the consent of parliament and quartering soldiers contrary to the law. By causing several good subjects, being Protestants, to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to the law. By violating the freedom of election by members to serve in parliament. By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in parliament; and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses.And whereas of late years, partial, corrupt, and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason, which were not freeholders. Excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases, to elude the benefit of laws made for the liberty of the subjects. And excessive fines have been imposed; and illegal and cruel punishments inflicted. And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures, before any conviction or judgment against the persons, upon whom the same were to be levied. 0. 11. 12. All which are utterly and directly contrary to the known laws and statutes and freedom of this realm. And whereas the said late King James the Second having abdicated the government and the throne being thereby vacant, his Highness the Prince of Orange (whom it hat h pleased Almighty God to make the glorious instrument of delivering this kingdom from popery and arbitrary power) did (by the advice of the lords spiritual and temporal, and divers rincipal persons of the Commons) cause letters to be written to the lords spiritual and temporal, being Protestants; and other letters to the several counties, cities, universities, boroughs, and Cinque Ports, for the choosing of such persons to represent them, as were of right to be sent to parliament, to meet and sit at Westminster upon January 22, 1689 . ..And thereupon the said lords spiritual and temporal and Commons . . . do in the first place (as their ancestors in like case have usually done) for the vindicating and asserting their ancient rights and liberties, declare: 1. . That the pretended power of suspending of laws, or the execution of laws, by regal authority, without consent of parliament, is illegal. That the pretended power of dispensing with laws, or the execution of laws, by regal aut hority, as it hath been assumed and exercised of late, is illegal. 7 The Glorious Revolution House of Commons Information Office Factsheet G4 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. That the commission for erecting the late Courts of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes and courts of like nature are illegal and pernicious.That levying money for or to the use of the Crown, by pretence of prerogative, without grant of parliament, for longer time, or in other manner than the same is, or shall be granted, is illegal. That it is the right of the subjects to petition the King, and all commitments and prosecutions for such petitioning are illegal. That the raising or keeping a standing army within the kingdom in time of peace, unless it be with consent of parliament, is against law. That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defence suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law.That election of members of parliament ought to be free. That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of parliament. That excessive bail ought not to be required, nor excessive fines imposed; nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. That jurors ought to be duly impannelled and returned, and jurors which pass upon men in trials for high treason ought to be freeholders.That all grants and promises of fines and forfeitures of particular persons before conviction are illegal and void. And that for redress of all grievances, and for the amending, strengthening and preserving of the laws, parliaments ought to be frequently held. And they do claim, demand, and insist upon all and singular the premises, as their undoubted rights and liberties; and that no declaration, judgments, doings or proceedings, to the prejudice of the people in any of the said premises, ought in any wise to be drawn hereafter into consequent of example.To which demands of their rights they are particularly enco uraged by the declaration of His Highness the Prince of Orange, as being the only means for obtaining a full redress and remedy therein. Having therefore an entire confidence that his said Highness the prince of Orange will perfect the deliverance so far advanced by him, and will still preserve them from the violation of their rights, which they have here asserted, and from all other attempts upon their religion, rights and liberties.The said Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, assembled at Westminster do resolve that William and Mary, Prince and Princess of Orange be, and be declared, King and Queen of England, France, and Ireland, and the dominions thereunto belonging, to hold the Crown and royal dignity of the said kingdoms and dominions to them the said Prince and Princess during their lives, and the life of the survivor of them; and that the sole and full exercise of regal power be only in, and executed by the said Prince of Orange, in the names of the said Prince and Pr incess, during their joint lives; and after their deceases, the said Crown and royal dignity of the said Kingdoms and dominions to be to the heirs of the body of the said Princess; and for default of such issue to the Princess of Anne of Denmark and the heirs of her body; and for default of such issue to the heirs of the body of the said Prince of Orange. And the Lords Spiritual and Temporal and the Commons do pray the said Prince and Princess to accept the same accordingly.